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^ Sequences /t.t͡ʂ d.d͡ʐ/ may be pronounced as geminates. ^ For English speakers who end the word with a nasal vowel and not a consonant.
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instead of ks.) and some names, as Xymena, Xawery, surnames as Xiężopolski, Axentowicz, Axer and names of some companies in Poland with -ex suffix.
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Only in some loanwords as xenia, also historical letter for native words prior to 19th century, e.g., xiążę, xięstwo (now książę 'prince', księstwo 'duchy'), which remains in abbreviations of these words (sometimes used x. Only in some traditional loanwords as varsaviana, vel, vide, recent as van, Vanuatu, vlog, some acronyms as TVP, VAT and in artistic forms, as vlepka. between palatal or palatalized consonants, sometimes after vowels Only in some traditional loanwords as quasi- and recent as quad, quiz.Ĭan also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely – a trill. Ó, o z kreską, o kreskowane or u zamknięte (for accents without the cot-caught merger) l ong before a consonant marks palatization of the preceding consonant before a vowel (see Spelling rules) if voiced, may be glottal in a small number of dialects. ,, becomes / ɛ/ word-finally and before / w/ (see Nasal vowels) between palatal or palatalized consonants before / d͡ʐ/ when devoiced before / t͡ʂ/. ,, becomes / ɔ/ before / w/ (see Nasal vowels) More frontal between palatal or palatalized consonants For more information about the sounds, see Polish phonology. Diacritics are shown for the sake of clarity. The following table lists the letters of the alphabet, their Polish names (see also Names of letters below), the Polish spelling alphabet name, the Polish phonemes which they usually represent (and rough equivalents for them), other possible pronunciations, and letter frequencies. As a result, they are sometimes included in the Polish alphabet (bringing the total number of letters in the alphabet to 35) when included, they take their usual positions from the Latin alphabet ( ⟨q⟩ after ⟨p⟩ ⟨v⟩ and ⟨x⟩ either side of ⟨w⟩). In addition, they can occasionally be found in common abbreviations (e.g., ksiądz 'priest' can be abbreviated as either ⟨ks.⟩ or ⟨x.⟩). In loanwords they are usually replaced by ⟨k⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨ks⟩, respectively (as in nikab 'niqab', kwark 'quark', weranda 'veranda', sawanna 'savanna', ekstra 'extra', oksymoron 'oxymoron'), although some loanwords retain their original spelling (e.g., quiz, virga), and in a few cases both spellings are accepted (such as veto or weto, volt or wolt). ⟨q⟩, ⟨v⟩, and ⟨x⟩ are not used in any native Polish words and are mostly found in foreign words (such as place names) and commercial names. There are 32 letters in the Polish alphabet: 9 vowels and 23 consonants. Modified variations of the Polish alphabet are used for writing Silesian and Kashubian, whereas the Sorbian languages use a mixture of Polish and Czech orthography. However, prior to the standardization of Polish spelling, ⟨x⟩ was sometimes used in place of ⟨ks⟩. ⟨q⟩, ⟨v⟩, and ⟨x⟩, which are used only in foreign words, are usually absent from the Polish alphabet.
![word spelling alphabet word spelling alphabet](https://virtually-fluent.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/English-Phonetic-Spelling-Alphabet-768x824.png)
It is based on the Latin alphabet but includes certain letters with diacritics: the acute accent ( kreska ⟨ć, ń, ó, ś, ź⟩) the overdot ( kropka ⟨ż⟩) the tail or ogonek ( ⟨ą, ę⟩) and the stroke ( ⟨ł⟩). The Polish alphabet ( Polish: alfabet polski, abecadło) is the script of the Polish language, the basis for the Polish system of orthography. Grey indicates letters not used in native words. Script of the Polish language The Polish alphabet.